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impact craters on earth

on earth there are close to 100 impact craters with a diameter of 0.1km or more, many of them either so eroded or large that they can only be recognised on satellite images. for the uninitiated, impact craters are formed by the hypervelocity impact of a meteoroid, asteroid or comet on the earth’s surface (or the surface of any large object in space). i’ve chosen 5 of these incredible craters and used my computer’s keyboard and mouse to present the results below.

any photos i found on flickr are linked to the account.

1. barringer crater, arizona, united states (google maps)

age - 49′000 yrs
diameter - 1.2 km

it’s hard to believe that the photo above is actually of our planet.

probably the most famous crater on earth and also the first on the planet to be recognized as an impact crater, barringer crater in arizona is actually one of the smaller examples with a piddly diameter of 1.2km and depth of 570ft. the impact occured 49′000 years ago.

here’s a flyby of the crater…

2. gosses bluff, northern territory, australia (google maps)

age - 142.5 million yrs
diameter - 5 km

around 142.5 million years ago gosses bluff crater was formed by an object thought to be around 600 metres in diameter. the crater you see today is actually a lot smaller than the original depression due to erosion. its diameter currently stands at 5km, the original diameter thought to have been closer to 20km.

3. vredefort crater, johannesburg, south africa (google maps)

age - 2 billion yrs
diameter - 300 km

with an astounding diameter of around 300km, vredefort basin in south africa is currently the largest confirmed impact crater on earth and also one of the oldest at 2 billion years. the crater was the result of an extreme impact with an object whose diameter was 10km.

4. manicouagan reservoir, quebec, canada (google maps)

age - 212 million yrs
diameter - 72 km

this incredible 72km wide impact crater in quebec has slowly transformed into its current state, what was originally the rim of the crater has since eroded away due to glaciation. the impact occured around 212 million years ago and the diameter of the asteroid is estimated to have been approximately 5km.

you can clearly see the reservoir in the amazing photo below, taken from the international space station during the sts-100 mission.

5. bosomtwe crater, lake bosomtwe, ghana (google maps)

age - 1.2 million yrs
diameter - 10.5 km

the actual impact crater which holds lake bosomtwe is 10.5km in diameter, the lake itself 7km. the impact took place 1 million years ago and since then, due to heavy rainfall, the water level has sometimes spilled over the rim and flooded surrounding areas.

sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

discussion

38 comments for “impact craters on earth”

  1. So in a sense bosomtwe crater is the world’s largest puddle :)

    posted by Lewis | 17th of September, 2007, 1:10 am
  2. crater!!

    posted by martoon | 17th of September, 2007, 2:07 am
  3. Was looking at Google Earth when it was first released, soon after a trip to Montreal. While browsing around Canada, I came upon manicouagan reservoir in Quebec. It was immediately clear that this was an impact crater. Nice to see it again. Cool photos. Thanks.

    posted by BillyBob | 17th of September, 2007, 2:36 am
  4. No Sudbury basin?

    posted by Fwiffo | 17th of September, 2007, 3:29 am
  5. Nice pics. Reminds one how the earth is a big fragile space ship and we’re the crew.

    posted by cap | 17th of September, 2007, 5:43 am
  6. What are the odds every “impact” site on every planet (and moon) would be perfectly round? Are we to think all objects striking a heavenly body do so in a perfectly perpendicular fashion? Why aren’t there any elongated craters? Maybe they weren’t caused by “impacts” in the conventional sense at all, maybe the universe isn’t at all like we’ve been taught……. Free your minds sheeple…….

    posted by Motorat | 17th of September, 2007, 6:14 am
  7. More accessible than the Manicouagan crater in Quebec, Canada, is the Charlevoix crater impact area, along the St. Lawrence Seaway, around Baie St. Paul. Link attached

    posted by osiris7 | 17th of September, 2007, 6:54 am
  8. Motorat, it is not that the meteoroid, asteroid or comet is perfectly round it is just that circle is the shape causes by the impact. A bit like droping any object into still water causes circular ripples.

    posted by Kieran | 17th of September, 2007, 9:42 am
  9. Motorat - it’s not like dropping a rock into mud. These bastards carry a tremendous kinetic energy, and when they hit, they vaporise - they’re like artillery shells or nuclear warheads. And, like such weapons, the impact crater is defined by the explosion; the cloud of superheated gas and vaporised rock that expands at an equal speed in all directions. Hence, in almost all cases, a circular crater.

    posted by Tom Morgan | 17th of September, 2007, 11:33 am
  10. Sheeeesh, don’t you infidels know anything? Those craters are from when that alien dude killed all his hostages using thermonuclear weapons a looong time ago. Just ask the Scientologists, they will tell you all about it!!!!!

    posted by Obbop | 17th of September, 2007, 1:49 pm
  11. Motorat,

    If you factor in the effects gravity, the odds of an impact being very far off perpendicular to the surface are minimalized. The odds of a tangential impact leaving a long scar are virtually nonexistent.

    Besides, that, the Manxor Ritilian’s would never leave such an obvious sign of their existence.

    posted by Motorat's a Moron | 17th of September, 2007, 7:27 pm
  12. Drop any size/shape of object into a pile of dirt/mud/water and tell me what you see, a circle? Bravo…
    Who gave forest gump internet access?

    posted by Motorat, you are a disgrace to humanity | 17th of September, 2007, 9:19 pm
  13. Sort of what I expected, schools don’t teach people how to think critically anymore. Next time you see a meteor streak across the sky at 25,000 MPH (assuming you know how to look up) try to imagine gravity (a weak force) causing it to do a 90 degree turn and landing on your Neanderthal brains…… Not quite the same as dropping something is it? Take a physics course you freaking morons.

    posted by Motorat | 18th of September, 2007, 2:25 am
  14. Motorat - like I said, yes; it’s not like dropping something. These are kinetic impacts - most of the mass is converted into energy and it’s this expanding fireball that defines the crater. Converse to ‘Motorat, you are a disgrace to humanity’s’ explanation, it’s nothing like dropping a rock into a pond (unless these rocks have the habit of exploding upon contact with water.) Actually, you’re kinda right - if you have shallow enough angle of incidence the impactor can bounce and shear and you get a series of smaller craters that could be read as an elongated groove - http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00000340/ for further reference.

    posted by Tom Morgan | 18th of September, 2007, 3:36 am
  15. Motorat, your skepticism is commendable and indeed lunar craters were thought to be volcanic in origin, due to their roundness, since there is no reason to believe impactors would always strike perpendicularly. However, the typical velocity of an impacting asteroid or comet is greater than the escape velocity of a planetary body, i.e. greater than 10 km/sek, so the kinetic energy released upon impact is in fact GREATER than when the equivalent mass of TNT is detonated. Thus, in an impact, an explosion occurs and the resulting crater is between 10 and 20 times the diameter of the impactor, obliterating any signs of an oblique initial crater. The appropriate lesson here is therefore not to free one’s mind (from the confines of facts and reason, perhaps?) but to examine things in detail before exclaiming the ignorance of others ;)

    posted by trekkari | 18th of September, 2007, 9:49 am
  16. You all try to tell that to the next rock coming down on us.

    posted by Lasse | 18th of September, 2007, 10:34 am
  17. posted by Jan | 18th of September, 2007, 11:15 am
  18. Awesome pictures! The picture from the ISS is my favoured :) What a large crater!

    posted by evologiq | 19th of September, 2007, 1:00 pm
  19. Hey.. isnt there one massive crater- like the biggest.. that cant be seen from space?? Yukatan Pen in Mexico.. half land and half in the water.. the one they think really wiped out the dinosaurs.. It was found this century mapping the ocean floor or something??

    posted by marshall love | 27th of September, 2007, 6:06 am
  20. The Sudbury basin isn’t entirely round, it is elongated. It’s also a pretty kickass crater. Northern Ontario! whoo!

    posted by Kitty | 10th of October, 2007, 2:00 am
  21. Kitty - The Sudbury impact structure is about 1.85 billion years old and has been greatly altered by geological forces in the intervening years. Like all high energy impact craters it was nearly certainly round when formed. As it stands the Sudbury structure is thought to be the 2nd largest impact crater currently known with Vredefort being the largest.

    posted by A_Botanist | 11th of October, 2007, 5:50 pm
  22. i cant see picturrrrrrrr duhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

    posted by rosco | 19th of October, 2007, 6:17 pm
  23. Yeah right, objects don’t have to be round, the lines don’t have to be perpendicular, hitting the soil is like hitting the water… they completely ignore basic principles like liquid and solid are two different states of matter and therefore have different properties, forget that water has something called Superficial Tension, which binds the molecules together, lol, they prefer to change all physical laws and logic than to accept that they’re wrong, some people are just that dumb.

    posted by Harte | 7th of November, 2007, 9:21 pm
  24. trekkari, comparing meteorites with tnt is an awful bad example, for as far as we know they don’t come packed with powder. In fact, if you study the rocks they are composed of many different particles of different masses, so that upon an explosion they would expand at different rates creating deformed holes. So, examine things in detail, please.

    posted by Harte | 7th of November, 2007, 9:26 pm
  25. Tom Morgan, if the mass was converted into energy then there would be nothing left to make the hole, the incandescent ball of fire would just turn to dust before it could even get close to the ground: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5S3WfNDD59Y

    posted by Harte | 7th of November, 2007, 9:35 pm
  26. Yes, the holes on Mercury, the Moon and Mars were not caused by impacts, they are too perfectly spherical, asteroid 253 Mathilde and Martian Moon Phobos testify to that, they have such huge craters that no impact could have done that without destroying them or pushing these bodies out into deep space.

    posted by Daniel | 8th of November, 2007, 8:39 am
  27. I had heard that the gulf of mexico it self was a crater….
    Is this a possbility you think?

    posted by victor | 13th of November, 2007, 11:38 pm
  28. i cant believe crater lake in oregon isnt on here… it makes a couple of these look loke pussies… hehe

    posted by yag | 1st of December, 2007, 6:07 pm
  29. i printed these pictures for my science project.

    posted by chrysal | 14th of May, 2008, 6:30 am
  30. what about st magnus bay in shetland?is it an impact crater?if so,how old is it?

    posted by michael leask | 29th of June, 2008, 6:30 am
  31. nice post.

    posted by paresh | 3rd of July, 2008, 10:11 pm
  32. Why people who sale drugs, abuse children, etc get jailed, while scumbags like Motorat(maybe a teacher) continue to poison peoples brains, getting rich from selling their books. Who’s doing more damage to society? Simple drug dealer or serial brain poisoner???

    posted by motorass | 18th of July, 2008, 2:13 am


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